Inhabited since prehistoric times, this Nabataean caravan-city, placed between the sea and also the Dead Sea, was a crucial crossroads between Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and Syria-Phoenicia. Petra is half-built, half-carved into the rock, and is encircled by mountains riddled with passages and gorges. it's one among the world's most illustrious anthropology sites, wherever ancient jap traditions mix with Hellenistic design.
Brief synthesis
Situated between the sea and also the Dead Sea and occupied since prehistoric times, the rock-cut capital town of the Nabateans, became throughout Hellenistic and Roman times a serious caravan centre for the incense of Arabian Peninsula, the silks of China and also the spices of India, a crossroads between Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and Syria-Phoenicia. Petra is half-built, half-carved into the rock, and is encircled by mountains riddled with passages and gorges. a resourceful water management system allowed in depth settlement of Associate in Nursing primarily arid space throughout the Nabataean, Roman and Byzantine periods. it's one amongll|one amongst|one in every of} the world's richest and largest anthropology sites set in a dominating red arenaceous rock landscape.
The Outstanding Universal worth of Petra resides within the immense extent of elaborate grave and temple architecture; spiritual high places; the remnant channels, tunnels and diversion dams that combined with a huge network of cisterns and reservoirs that controlled and preserved seasonal rains, and also the in depth anthropology remains as well as of copper mining, temples, churches and alternative public buildings. The fusion of Hellenistic field facades with ancient Nabataean rock-cut temple/tombs as well as the Khasneh, the Urn grave, the Palace grave, the Corinthian grave and also the Deir ("monastery") represents a novel inventive accomplishment and an impressive field ensemble of the primary centuries before Christ to AD. the numerous anthropology remains and field monuments from prehistoric times to the medieval periods bear exceptional testimony to the currently lost civilisations that succeeded one another at the location.
Criterion (i): The dramatic Nabataean/Hellenistic rock-cut temple/tombs approached via a natural winding rocky cleft (the Siq), that is that the main entrance from the east to a once in depth commercialism town, represent a novel inventive accomplishment. they're masterpieces of a lost town that has fascinated guests since the first nineteenth century. the doorway approach and also the settlement itself were created doable by the artistic genius of the in depth water distribution and storage system.
Criterion (iii): The compact rows of diverse rock-cut tombs reflective field influences from the Assyrians through to monumental Hellenistic; the kill and alternative spiritual high places as well as on Jebels Madbah, M'eisrah, Khubtha, Habis and Al Madras; the remains of the in depth water engineering system, town walls and separate temples; garden terraces; ceremony stelae and inscriptions beside the far caravan staging posts on the approaches from the north (Barid or very little Petra) and south (Sabra) additionally containing tombs, temples, water cisterns and reservoirs square measure an impressive testament to the currently lost Nabataean civilization of the fourth century before Christ to the primary century AD.
Remains of the Neolithic settlement at Beidha, the Iron Age settlement on Umm al Biyara, the Chalcolithic mining sites at Umm al Amad, the remains of Graeco-Roman civic designing as well as the columned street, triple-arched entrance gate, theatre, Nymphaeum and baths; Byzantine remains as well as the triple-apses basilica church and also the church created within the Urn Tomb; the remnant Crusader fortresses of Habis and Wueira; and also the foundation of the place of worship on Jebel Haroun, historically the burial place of the Prophet Aaron, all bear exceptional testimony to past civilizations within the Petra space.
Criterion (iv): The field ensemble comprising the supposed "royal tombs" in Petra (including the Khasneh, the Urn grave, the Palace grave and also the Corinthian Tomb), and also the Deir ("monastery") demonstrate an impressive fusion of Hellenistic design with jap tradition, marking a big meeting of East and West at the flip of the primary millennium of our era.
The Umm al Amad copper mines and underground galleries square measure an impressive example of mining structures qualitative analysis from the fourth millennium before Christ.
The remnants of the diversion dam, Muthlim tunnel, water channels, aqueducts, reservoirs and cisterns square measure an impressive example of water engineering qualitative analysis from the primary centuries before Christ to AD.
Integrity
All the most separate and rock-cut monuments and in depth anthropology remains inside the arid landscape of red arenaceous rock cliffs and gorges lie inside the boundaries of the property that coincide with the boundaries of the Petra parkland. The monuments square measure subject to in progress erosion as a result of wind and rain, exacerbated within the past by crooked sand as a result of grazing animals reducing ground cowl. The transfer quite twenty years past of the Bdul (Bedouin) tribe and their farm animal removed from their former seasonal dwellings within the Petra basin to a replacement village at Umm Sayhun was aimed partly at stunning this method.
They are additionally prone to flash flooding on gully liliopsid genus through the winding gorge (Siq) if the Nabataean diversion system isn't frequently monitored, repaired and maintained.
The property is besieged from touristry, that has hyperbolic greatly since the time of inscription, notably congestion points like the Siq that is that the main entrance to town from the east.
The property is additionally prone to the infrastructure wants of native communities and tourists. a replacement sewerage treatment plant has been provided inside the property to the north with the recycled water getting used for Associate in Nursing adjacent drip irrigation farming project. any infrastructure development planned within the boundary includes electricity provide and station, a community/visitor centre, an out of doors theatre for community events, picnic areas, bivouac and a replacement eating place close to the Qasr al Bint temple, all of that have the potential to impact on the integrity of the property.
Authenticity
The attributes of temple/tomb monuments, and their location and setting clearly specific the Outstanding Universal worth. The natural decay of the arenaceous rock design threatens the genuineness of the property within the long. Stabilization of separate monuments as well as the Qasr al Bint temple and also the rounded structure supporting the Byzantine courtyard to the Urn grave Church was meted out before inscription.
Protection and management needs
Under Jordanian National law, responsibility for cover of Antiquities sites lies with the Department of Antiquities, a separate entity below the Ministry for touristry and Antiquities.
The property may be a protected space inside the Petra anthropology Park managed by the Ministry of touristry and Antiquities. but responsibility for the designing and implementation of infrastructure comes at the location rests for the most part with the Petra Regional Authority (PRA) - originally the Petra Regional designing Council (PRPC) - however currently swollen to hide the social and economic eudaemonia of the communities within the neighbourhood.
Increased workers numbers have enabled campaigns of review and management and methods are developed to manage holidaymaker access and native community involvement, as well as the situation and style of community-managed shop/kiosks.
Regulations and policies developed below the Petra anthropology Park operative set up can cowl infrastructure comes undertaken by the PRA as well as electrification of the Petra anthropology Park and works related to water use farming comes as well as tree-planting. they're going to additionally cowl traveler facilities like park lighting, holidaymaker trails and instructive assemblage, restaurants and outlets, community recreation areas and businesses, also as public events and activities inside the park.
There is a long would like for a framework for property development and management practices aimed toward protective the property from injury ensuing from the pressure of holiday makers, whereas enhancing revenues from touristy that may contribute to the economic and social viability of the region.
Brief synthesis
Situated between the sea and also the Dead Sea and occupied since prehistoric times, the rock-cut capital town of the Nabateans, became throughout Hellenistic and Roman times a serious caravan centre for the incense of Arabian Peninsula, the silks of China and also the spices of India, a crossroads between Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and Syria-Phoenicia. Petra is half-built, half-carved into the rock, and is encircled by mountains riddled with passages and gorges. a resourceful water management system allowed in depth settlement of Associate in Nursing primarily arid space throughout the Nabataean, Roman and Byzantine periods. it's one amongll|one amongst|one in every of} the world's richest and largest anthropology sites set in a dominating red arenaceous rock landscape.
The Outstanding Universal worth of Petra resides within the immense extent of elaborate grave and temple architecture; spiritual high places; the remnant channels, tunnels and diversion dams that combined with a huge network of cisterns and reservoirs that controlled and preserved seasonal rains, and also the in depth anthropology remains as well as of copper mining, temples, churches and alternative public buildings. The fusion of Hellenistic field facades with ancient Nabataean rock-cut temple/tombs as well as the Khasneh, the Urn grave, the Palace grave, the Corinthian grave and also the Deir ("monastery") represents a novel inventive accomplishment and an impressive field ensemble of the primary centuries before Christ to AD. the numerous anthropology remains and field monuments from prehistoric times to the medieval periods bear exceptional testimony to the currently lost civilisations that succeeded one another at the location.
Criterion (i): The dramatic Nabataean/Hellenistic rock-cut temple/tombs approached via a natural winding rocky cleft (the Siq), that is that the main entrance from the east to a once in depth commercialism town, represent a novel inventive accomplishment. they're masterpieces of a lost town that has fascinated guests since the first nineteenth century. the doorway approach and also the settlement itself were created doable by the artistic genius of the in depth water distribution and storage system.
Criterion (iii): The compact rows of diverse rock-cut tombs reflective field influences from the Assyrians through to monumental Hellenistic; the kill and alternative spiritual high places as well as on Jebels Madbah, M'eisrah, Khubtha, Habis and Al Madras; the remains of the in depth water engineering system, town walls and separate temples; garden terraces; ceremony stelae and inscriptions beside the far caravan staging posts on the approaches from the north (Barid or very little Petra) and south (Sabra) additionally containing tombs, temples, water cisterns and reservoirs square measure an impressive testament to the currently lost Nabataean civilization of the fourth century before Christ to the primary century AD.
Remains of the Neolithic settlement at Beidha, the Iron Age settlement on Umm al Biyara, the Chalcolithic mining sites at Umm al Amad, the remains of Graeco-Roman civic designing as well as the columned street, triple-arched entrance gate, theatre, Nymphaeum and baths; Byzantine remains as well as the triple-apses basilica church and also the church created within the Urn Tomb; the remnant Crusader fortresses of Habis and Wueira; and also the foundation of the place of worship on Jebel Haroun, historically the burial place of the Prophet Aaron, all bear exceptional testimony to past civilizations within the Petra space.
Criterion (iv): The field ensemble comprising the supposed "royal tombs" in Petra (including the Khasneh, the Urn grave, the Palace grave and also the Corinthian Tomb), and also the Deir ("monastery") demonstrate an impressive fusion of Hellenistic design with jap tradition, marking a big meeting of East and West at the flip of the primary millennium of our era.
The Umm al Amad copper mines and underground galleries square measure an impressive example of mining structures qualitative analysis from the fourth millennium before Christ.
The remnants of the diversion dam, Muthlim tunnel, water channels, aqueducts, reservoirs and cisterns square measure an impressive example of water engineering qualitative analysis from the primary centuries before Christ to AD.
Integrity
All the most separate and rock-cut monuments and in depth anthropology remains inside the arid landscape of red arenaceous rock cliffs and gorges lie inside the boundaries of the property that coincide with the boundaries of the Petra parkland. The monuments square measure subject to in progress erosion as a result of wind and rain, exacerbated within the past by crooked sand as a result of grazing animals reducing ground cowl. The transfer quite twenty years past of the Bdul (Bedouin) tribe and their farm animal removed from their former seasonal dwellings within the Petra basin to a replacement village at Umm Sayhun was aimed partly at stunning this method.
They are additionally prone to flash flooding on gully liliopsid genus through the winding gorge (Siq) if the Nabataean diversion system isn't frequently monitored, repaired and maintained.
The property is besieged from touristry, that has hyperbolic greatly since the time of inscription, notably congestion points like the Siq that is that the main entrance to town from the east.
The property is additionally prone to the infrastructure wants of native communities and tourists. a replacement sewerage treatment plant has been provided inside the property to the north with the recycled water getting used for Associate in Nursing adjacent drip irrigation farming project. any infrastructure development planned within the boundary includes electricity provide and station, a community/visitor centre, an out of doors theatre for community events, picnic areas, bivouac and a replacement eating place close to the Qasr al Bint temple, all of that have the potential to impact on the integrity of the property.
Authenticity
The attributes of temple/tomb monuments, and their location and setting clearly specific the Outstanding Universal worth. The natural decay of the arenaceous rock design threatens the genuineness of the property within the long. Stabilization of separate monuments as well as the Qasr al Bint temple and also the rounded structure supporting the Byzantine courtyard to the Urn grave Church was meted out before inscription.
Protection and management needs
Under Jordanian National law, responsibility for cover of Antiquities sites lies with the Department of Antiquities, a separate entity below the Ministry for touristry and Antiquities.
The property may be a protected space inside the Petra anthropology Park managed by the Ministry of touristry and Antiquities. but responsibility for the designing and implementation of infrastructure comes at the location rests for the most part with the Petra Regional Authority (PRA) - originally the Petra Regional designing Council (PRPC) - however currently swollen to hide the social and economic eudaemonia of the communities within the neighbourhood.
Increased workers numbers have enabled campaigns of review and management and methods are developed to manage holidaymaker access and native community involvement, as well as the situation and style of community-managed shop/kiosks.
Regulations and policies developed below the Petra anthropology Park operative set up can cowl infrastructure comes undertaken by the PRA as well as electrification of the Petra anthropology Park and works related to water use farming comes as well as tree-planting. they're going to additionally cowl traveler facilities like park lighting, holidaymaker trails and instructive assemblage, restaurants and outlets, community recreation areas and businesses, also as public events and activities inside the park.
There is a long would like for a framework for property development and management practices aimed toward protective the property from injury ensuing from the pressure of holiday makers, whereas enhancing revenues from touristy that may contribute to the economic and social viability of the region.
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